According to Sudaryanto in "Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa", the types of Javanese Affixes are prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes. The prefix N- added to the word pangan ('food'), for example will, change the word pangan ('food') which is noun to mangan ('eat') which is verb. The example of the Javanese suffix is the suffix -en . The word bleduk (dust) + -en becomes bleduken ('dusty'). The example of Javanese infix is the infix -em-. The Javanese word semega ('the condition of someone who likes to eat much; this condition usuallyrefers to the teenagers') is derived from the word sega ('rice') added ti the infix -em- . The example of Javanese circumfix is the circumfix N- .... -I. The word mbanyoni ('to irrigate'), for example is derived from the word banyu ('water') added to the circumfix N- .... -I.
Reference:
Sudaryanto. 1991. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Jawa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.
Showing posts with label Affixes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Affixes. Show all posts
Friday, July 11, 2008
Friday, April 25, 2008
Prefix un- in English
There are two kinds of the prefix un- in English. The first is attached to adjectives to form new adjectives, and the second is attached to verbs to form new verbs. The two kinds of the prefix un- do not change the part of speech. The prefix un- attached to adjectives means ‘not’. Fromkin (1990: 130) calls this derivation antonym or negative. Look at the following examples of prefix un- attached to adjectives:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
un - able unable ‘not able’
un - afraid unafraid ‘not afraid’
un - aware unaware ‘not aware’
un - fit unfit ‘not ft’
un - free unfree ‘not free’
un - happy unhappy ‘not happy’
un - important unimportant 'not important'
un - smooth unsmooth ‘not smooth’
un - true untrue ‘not true’
The prefix un- can also be added to the adjectives of the derived words that have been formed by morphological rules (Fromkin, 1990 : 130). The examples are as follows:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
un - acceptable unacceptable ‘not acceptable’
un - avoidable unavoidable ‘not avoidable’
un - believable unbelievable ‘not believable’
un - predictable unpredictable ‘not believable’
un - reachable unreachable ‘not reachable’
un - readable unreadable ‘not readable’
un - sinkable unsinkable ‘not sinkable’
un - touchable untouchable ‘not touchable’
Based on the examples above the rule of the prefix un- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {un-} + ADJECTIVE--> new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case the prefix un- means ‘not’
The second prefix un- joins with verbs to form new verbs. In this case the prefix un- means ‘to do the opposite of ’ (Hornby, 1986: 935). The following are the examples of the prefix un- which combines with verbs:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Verb) (Verb)
un- bind unbind ‘to do the opposite of binding’
un- cover uncover ‘to do the opposite of covering’
un- do undo ‘to do the opposite of doing’
un- dress undress ‘to do the opposite of dressing’
un- load unload ‘to do the opposite of loading’
un- lock unlock ‘to do the opposite of locking’
un- tie untie ‘to do the opposite of tying’
From the examples above, the rule of prefix un- attached to verbs can be stated as: {un-} + VERB --> new VERB. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning namely ‘to do the opposite of’.
References:
Fromkin, Victoria A. 1990. An Introduction to Language. Sydney: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Group (Australia) Pty Limited.
Hornby, AS. 1986. Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
(Adjective) (Adjective)
un - able unable ‘not able’
un - afraid unafraid ‘not afraid’
un - aware unaware ‘not aware’
un - fit unfit ‘not ft’
un - free unfree ‘not free’
un - happy unhappy ‘not happy’
un - important unimportant 'not important'
un - smooth unsmooth ‘not smooth’
un - true untrue ‘not true’
The prefix un- can also be added to the adjectives of the derived words that have been formed by morphological rules (Fromkin, 1990 : 130). The examples are as follows:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
un - acceptable unacceptable ‘not acceptable’
un - avoidable unavoidable ‘not avoidable’
un - believable unbelievable ‘not believable’
un - predictable unpredictable ‘not believable’
un - reachable unreachable ‘not reachable’
un - readable unreadable ‘not readable’
un - sinkable unsinkable ‘not sinkable’
un - touchable untouchable ‘not touchable’
Based on the examples above the rule of the prefix un- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {un-} + ADJECTIVE--> new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case the prefix un- means ‘not’
The second prefix un- joins with verbs to form new verbs. In this case the prefix un- means ‘to do the opposite of ’ (Hornby, 1986: 935). The following are the examples of the prefix un- which combines with verbs:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Verb) (Verb)
un- bind unbind ‘to do the opposite of binding’
un- cover uncover ‘to do the opposite of covering’
un- do undo ‘to do the opposite of doing’
un- dress undress ‘to do the opposite of dressing’
un- load unload ‘to do the opposite of loading’
un- lock unlock ‘to do the opposite of locking’
un- tie untie ‘to do the opposite of tying’
From the examples above, the rule of prefix un- attached to verbs can be stated as: {un-} + VERB --> new VERB. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning namely ‘to do the opposite of’.
References:
Fromkin, Victoria A. 1990. An Introduction to Language. Sydney: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Group (Australia) Pty Limited.
Hornby, AS. 1986. Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Sunday, April 13, 2008
Prefix dis-
The prefix dis- is a derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form new verbs. This prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’
new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the verb.
The prefix dis- can be attached to nouns to form new nouns. The following are the examples.
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Noun) (Noun)dis- advantage disadvantage ‘unfavorable condition’
dis- comfort discomfort ‘absence of comfort’
dis- harmony disharmony ‘lack of harmony’
dis- honor dishonor ‘absence of honor’
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)dis- able disable ‘make unable to do something’
dis- honest dishonest ‘not honest’
dis- similar dissimilar ‘not similar’
new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the verb.
The prefix dis- can be attached to nouns to form new nouns. The following are the examples.
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Noun) (Noun)dis- advantage disadvantage ‘unfavorable condition’
dis- comfort discomfort ‘absence of comfort’
dis- harmony disharmony ‘lack of harmony’
dis- honor dishonor ‘absence of honor’
Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to nouns can be stated as: {dis-}+ NOUN --> new NOUN. The new noun is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the noun.
The prefix dis- can also be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. The examples are as follows:
The prefix dis- can also be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. The examples are as follows:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)dis- able disable ‘make unable to do something’
dis- honest dishonest ‘not honest’
dis- similar dissimilar ‘not similar’
Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {dis-}+ ADJECTIVE --> new ADJECTIVE. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the adjectives. The prefix dis- attached to verbs are more productive than that attached to nouns and adjectives (Bauer, 1983 : 220).
REFERENCE
Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word Formation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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REFERENCE
Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word Formation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Prefix in-
The prefix in- is the derivational bound morpheme mostly attached to adjectives. This prefix does not change the part of speech either. The meaning of this prefix is ‘not’. Look at the examples below:
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
in- accurate inaccurate ‘not accurate’
in- tolerant intolerant ‘not tolerant’
in- efficient inefficient ‘not efficient’
in- expensive inexpensive ‘not expensive’
in- fertile infertile ‘not fertile’
in- formal informal ‘not formal’
in- legal illegal ‘not legal’
in- moral immoral ‘not moral’
in- perfect imperfect ‘not perfect’
in- polite impolite ‘not polite’
in- complete incomplete ‘not complete’
in- consistent inconsistent ‘not consistent’
in- regular irregular ‘not regular’
in- responsible irresponsible ‘not responsible’
in- relevant irrelevant ‘not relevant’
From the examples above, the rule of prefix in- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {in-} + ADJECTIVE --> new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that the prefix in- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning ‘not’ in the derived word. The prefix in- attached to nouns are very rare. The following are the examples of the prefix in- attached to nouns.
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Adjective) (Adjective)
in- accurate inaccurate ‘not accurate’
in- tolerant intolerant ‘not tolerant’
in- efficient inefficient ‘not efficient’
in- expensive inexpensive ‘not expensive’
in- fertile infertile ‘not fertile’
in- formal informal ‘not formal’
in- legal illegal ‘not legal’
in- moral immoral ‘not moral’
in- perfect imperfect ‘not perfect’
in- polite impolite ‘not polite’
in- complete incomplete ‘not complete’
in- consistent inconsistent ‘not consistent’
in- regular irregular ‘not regular’
in- responsible irresponsible ‘not responsible’
in- relevant irrelevant ‘not relevant’
From the examples above, the rule of prefix in- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {in-} + ADJECTIVE --> new ADJECTIVE. This rule says that the prefix in- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning ‘not’ in the derived word. The prefix in- attached to nouns are very rare. The following are the examples of the prefix in- attached to nouns.
Prefix Base Derived word Meaning
(Noun) (Noun)in- balance imbalance ‘absence of balance’
in- decorum indecorum ‘lack of decorum’
in- decision indecision ‘the state of being unable to decide’
(Noun) (Noun)in- balance imbalance ‘absence of balance’
in- decorum indecorum ‘lack of decorum’
in- decision indecision ‘the state of being unable to decide’
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