Word

Word is a sound or a group of sounds that expresses a meaning and forms an independent unit of a language (Hornby, 1995-1374). Fuad mas'ud classifies word into some types, namely nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interconjunctions (1987:63)

A word at least consists of one morpheme which has a lexical meaning. A word can also consists of two or more morphemes. go, book, good are the examples of the word consisting of one morpheme. books, cooks, beautiful are the examples of words consisting of two morphemes. books consists of the morpheme book and the morpheme -s ; cooks consists of the morpheme cook and the morpheme -s ; and beautiful consists of the morpheme beauty and the morpheme -ful.

References:
Hornby, A.s. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Fifth edition. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.

Mas'ud Fuad. 1987. Essentials of English Grammar. Yogyakarta: BPFE

Word by Word Picture Dictionary: English/Chinese Edition

Review : By Eddie Landsberg

By the authors of SIDE BY SIDE this is a much more colorful and better organized picture dictionary than the formerly more popular OXFORD PICTURE DICTIONARY. Whenever I bring it to class, if the students don't have it, the first thing atleast 70% will ask me is "Where can I get it ?"

- - used with the accompanying flash cards (not included) you can teach entire (and substantive) lessons with just those two things alone... and even without it, you can use it to expand amply from whatever text book you're using. The chapters on the household, occupations, places around town, work activities are especially useful. In my begining classes we learn how to ask each other questions about these subjects, and begin all our classes discussing what we did over the weekend, what we did at work etc. etc. We talk about our house, our family... and all these topics are with Level 1 students, eye to eye (pair work, group work, class discussion)and facilitated by lessons from this book. - - Pictures get students talking and open them up and this is the ultimate resource ! ! !

As a tip, the students love looking at the pictures and discussing them, so to keep activities interactive, have students share books... or make worksheets where the students have to exchange information ! ! !

Deconstructing Morphology: Word Formation in Syntactic Theory

Description
One of the major contributions to theoretical linguistics during the twentieth century has been an advancement of our understanding that the information-bearing units which make up human language are organized on a hierarchy of levels. It has been an overarching goal of research since the 1930s to determine the precise nature of those levels and what principles guide interactions among them.

Linguists have typically posited phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels, each with its own distinct vocabulary and organizing principles, but in Deconstructing Morphology Rochelle Lieber persuasively challenges the existence of a morphological level of language. Her argument, that rules and vocabulary claimed to belong to the morphological level in fact belong to the levels of syntax and phonology, follows the work of Sproat, Toman, and others. Her study, however, is the first to draw jointly on Chomsky's Government-Binding Theory of syntax and on recent research in phonology.

Ranging broadly over data from many languages—including Tagalog, English, French, and Dutch—Deconstructing Morphology addresses key questions in current morphological and phonological research and provides an innovative view of the overall architecture of grammar.

The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology (Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics

Review

"The book is well-organized and -written, coherent and clear. The author covers a great range of morphological concepts, patterns and issues which are briefly but nonetheless, concisely explained and well-exemplified... Cross-references are also well managed. The conclusive notes of each chapter provide a useful and clear summary of the most fundamental points which have been raised. The most important aspect of this book's value and strength is the fact that it presents a nicely outlined way of 'how to do morphological analysis theoretically.'"-- The Linguist List

Description
This text provides an up-to-date introduction to the morphological analysis of words. Morphology deals with the internal structure of words and how this structure affects their phonological, syntactic and semantic properties. This book covers both inflection (the different forms of a word), and word formation, the ways in which new words can be added to the vocabulary of a language.

The enormous variety of morphological operations that we find in natural languages is quite intriguing. The first part of the book gives a cross-linguistic survey of these operations: affixation, compounding, reduplication, and several kinds of phonological operation. The specific properties of word formation and inflection are dealt with in subsequent chapters.

The second part of the book focuses on the ways in which the morphological structure of words determines their phonological, syntactic, and semantic properties. These different 'interfaces' are dealt with systematically, again with illustrations from a number of languages.

In the last part of the book the reader is introduced to present-day research on the acquisition of morphological knowledge, and on the way in which complex words are processed. This will give insight as to how lexical knowledge is structured and how it is stored in memory.

English Words (Paperback)

Description
From nonsense verse to journalism, from poetry to advertising, Katamba gracefully explores the history of the English language, identifying particular words whose genealogy is marked by sometimes astonishing differences in their past and present usage. Whether Katamba's concern is the cultural logic of the English language or its complex syntaxical roots, English Words proves an introduction which is delightfully lucid and descriptive.

About the Author
Francis Katamba is a Lecturer in Linguistics and English at Lancaster University.

Deconstructing Morphology: Word Formation in Syntactic Theory (Paperback)

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Description
One of the major contributions to theoretical linguistics during the twentieth century has been an advancement of our understanding that the information-bearing units which make up human language are organized on a hierarchy of levels. It has been an overarching goal of research since the 1930s to determine the precise nature of those levels and what principles guide interactions among them.

Linguists have typically posited phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels, each with its own distinct vocabulary and organizing principles, but in Deconstructing Morphology Rochelle Lieber persuasively challenges the existence of a morphological level of language. Her argument, that rules and vocabulary claimed to belong to the morphological level in fact belong to the levels of syntax and phonology, follows the work of Sproat, Toman, and others. Her study, however, is the first to draw jointly on Chomsky's Government-Binding Theory of syntax and on recent research in phonology.

Ranging broadly over data from many languages—including Tagalog, English, French, and Dutch—Deconstructing Morphology addresses key questions in current morphological and phonological research and provides an innovative view of the overall architecture of grammar.

English Words: History and Structure (Paperback)

Description English Words: History and Structure is concerned primarily with the learned vocabulary of English, the words borrowed from the classical languages and French. It is both an introduction to some of the basic principles of linguistic analysis and a helpful manual for vocabulary discernment and enrichment. Designed to deepen and strengthen the knowledge acquired in the classroom, exercises to accompany each chapter and further readings on recent loans and the legal and medical vocabulary of English are available online at http://uk.cambridge.org/linguistics/resources/englishwor ds.

Shaped by the Word: The Power of Scripture in Spiritual Formation

Mulholland's insistance that we are capable of letting go of what we know in order to freshly approace the scriptures with the intent of allowing ourselves to be shaped by God's Word is the premise of this excellent book. I lend it to friends, but make certain I retrieve it. The author describes the path he has personally trod in his attempt to realize his full God given potential. Examples illustrate his struggle to distinguish the critical difference between the accustomed reading of scripture for information, and the life changing willingness to read for personal spiritual formation. I am grateful for having discovered this fine author, and recommend this book to anyone interested in signposts to guide their spiritual journey.

Reduplication

Reduplication is the process of word formation by doubling the morpheme or word. This process can be total or partial reduplication. When all of a morpheme is doubled, it is called total reduplication. When only the part of a morpheme is doubled, it is called partial reduplication. In Indonesian language, for example, total reduplication is used to form the plurals of nouns:


Singular ..........................Plural

[buku] 'book'.....................[buku buku] 'houses'
[batu] 'stone'....................[batu batu] 'stones'
[guru] 'teacher'..................[guru guru] 'teachers'
[ibu] 'mother'...................[ibu ibu] 'mothers'
[rumah] 'house' ...................[rumah rumah] 'houses'